As a continuation of the wars sparked by the European monarchies against the French Republic, changing sets of European Coalitions declared wars on Napoleon's Empire. The most famous impressionist painters of the period were Camille Pissarro, Édouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet and Auguste Renoir. [201], France, especially Paris, has some of the world's largest and most renowned museums, including the Louvre, which is the most visited art museum in the world (5.7 million), the Musée d'Orsay (2.1 million), mostly devoted to Impressionism, and Centre Georges Pompidou (1.2 million), dedicated to contemporary art. [65][66] By the end of 1793 the allies had been driven from France. In the early 1990s, the country drew considerable criticism from other nations for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia. • The warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb) is found in all the mountainous regions of the Northern half of France between 500 and 1000 meters a.s.l. [39] Nevertheless, the situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, which was a period of revival and prosperity for Roman Gaul. Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. Hand transplantation was developed on 23 September 1998 in Lyon by a team assembled from different countries around the world including Jean-Michel Dubernard who, shortly thereafter, performed the first successful double hand transplant. Cette valeur comprend les cours d'eau et leurs estuaires, les lacs intérieurs, la partie du lac de Genève qui appartient a la France et, sur les côtes, toute la laisse de la plus basse mer jusqu'au zéro des cartes marines. [24] However, it has been determined that these weapons were named because of their use by the Franks, not the other way around. Cette superficie varie selon le tracé de ces limites et leur niveau de précision, selon le mode de calcul ou de projection cartographique et selon la convention définissant les espaces mesurés, mais aussi, depuis l'apparition des cartes numériques, selon le produit cartographique numérique utilisé. [143] In 2015, France was described as being "the best networked state in the world", because it is a country that "is member of more multi-lateral organisations than any other country". In the 2017 presidential and legislative elections, radical centrist party En Marche! French literature and poetry flourished even more in the 18th and 19th centuries. En partant de la côte, les zones de souveraineté de l'État côtier sont les suivantes : eaux intérieures, mer territoriale, zone contiguë, zone économique exclusive, plateau continental. In early August 1789, the National Constituent Assembly abolished the privileges of the nobility such as personal serfdom and exclusive hunting rights. Metropolitan France was divided into a German occupation zone in the north, an Italian occupation zone in the south-east and Vichy France, a newly established authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, in the south, while Free France, the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle, was set up in London. It also made several important reforms (suffrage extended to women, creation of a social security system). Since the Middle Ages, France has been a major contributor to scientific and technological achievement. Dès la fin des années 1990, la DGFiP a entrepris de numériser le cadastre. French philosophers produced some of the most important political works of the Age of Enlightenment. Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 percent between 2009 and 2012, i.e. [68] These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the Metric system, the Napoleonic Code and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. After the collapse of the empire and a relative decline, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating in the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 in the midst of the Franco-Prussian War. [367][368] Major music halls and venues in France include Le Zénith sites present in many cities and other places in Paris (Paris Olympia, Théâtre Mogador, Élysée Montmartre). The French Republic is divided into 18 regions (located in Europe and overseas), five overseas collectivities, one overseas territory, one special collectivity – New Caledonia and one uninhabited island directly under the authority of the Minister of Overseas France – Clipperton. Mais cette organisation ne pourra pas dépasser [22] It has been suggested that the meaning of "free" was adopted because, after the conquest of Gaul, only Franks were free of taxation. [334] Some of the most impressive provincial baroque architecture is found in places that were not yet French such as the Place Stanislas in Nancy. ", Sylvia Zappi, "French Government Revives Assimilation Policy", in Migration Policy Institute. The Ministry of Culture has been very active since its creation, granting subsidies to artists, promoting French culture in the world, supporting festivals and cultural events, protecting historical monuments. In 843, under the Treaty of Verdun, the empire was divided between Louis' three sons, with East Francia going to Louis the German, Middle Francia to Lothair I, and West Francia to Charles the Bald. To this end, he withdrew from NATO's military integrated command (while remaining in the NATO alliance itself), launched a nuclear development programme, and made France the fourth nuclear power. Le nombre de publications d'une évaluation de la superficie de la France suit la courbe de croissance du nombre d'ouvrages d'économie politique : 11 ouvrages écrits ou traduits en français entre 1570 et 1695 (environ un tous les 11 ans en moyenne), puis dans 11 ouvrages entre 1695 et 1752 (un tous les 5 ans), 13 entre 1756 et 1768 (1 par an), 20 entre 1770 et 1781 (deux par an), 41 entre 1784 et 1795 (quatre par an)[3]. In 2017, France was the fourth-largest donor (in absolute terms) of development aid in the world, behind the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In agreement with the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. Dans cette zone, l’État côtier est autorisé à exercer le contrôle qui lui est nécessaire pour prévenir ou réprimer les infractions à sa législation, commise sur son territoire (terrestre ou maritime) en matière douanière, fiscale, sanitaire et d’immigration (Article 44, La France s’est dotée d’une zone contiguë par la loi, La République exerce dans cette zone des droits souverains en ce qui concerne l'exploration, l'exploitation, la conservation et la gestion des ressources naturelles, biologiques ou non biologiques, des eaux surjacentes jusqu'aux fonds marins, des fonds marins et de leur sous-sol, comme en ce qui concerne les autres activités tendant à l'exploration et à l'exploitation de la zone à des fins économiques, telles que la production d'énergie. Debussy was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and his use of non-traditional scales and chromaticism influenced many composers who followed. A small part of Northern France was occupied, but France and its allies emerged victorious against the Central Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. Les Terres australes et antarctiques françaises ne constituent plus un territoire d'outre-mer (TOM) depuis l'entrée en vigueur de la loi constitutionnelle du 28 mars 2003. Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back? In contrast, the five overseas regions used the French franc and now use the euro.[127]. 1987), p. 17. [211] It is operated by the SNCF, and high-speed trains include the Thalys, the Eurostar and TGV, which travels at 320 km/h (199 mph) in commercial use. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the battles of Jena-Auerstadt or Austerlitz. The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the July Revolution of 1830, which established the constitutional July Monarchy. Its origins date back to Antiquity, since the Latin word Gallus meant both "rooster" and "inhabitant of Gaul". C'est la portion de la surface de cet ellipsoïde embrassée par le contour du littoral (laisse de basse mer) et des frontières qui a été en partie calculée, en partie mesurée. Long-established TV channels TF1 (privatized in 1987), France 2 and France 3 have the highest shares, while radio stations RTL, Europe 1 and state-owned France Inter are the least listened to. 26 February 2014. Élaboration du cadastre général de la France et d'une carte topographique, Premières évaluations de la superficie cadastrale de la France, Nouvelle évaluation de la superficie de la France métropolitaine à partir de la carte d'État-major, Essor de la géomatique dès les années 1970, Vers une représentation parcellaire cadastrale unique (RPCU), Superficie des espaces maritimes sous souveraineté, Superficie des zones économiques exclusives françaises, « atteinte aux privilèges qui se trouveront bien établis », « privilèges des propriétaires et possesseurs des dits biens, et sans y préjudicier », Deux indicateurs de superficie sont donnés par l'IEOM pour la Polynésie française : 4 167, L'archipel des Tuamotu comprend 76 atolls coralliens dont les plus vastes sont, Le district des Îles éparses est composé de l', Le district de Saint-Paul et Amsterdam est composé des îles de Saint-Paul (4. In the 20th century, French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier designed several buildings in France. [241] This was the highest rate since the end of the baby boom in 1973, and coincides with the rise of the total fertility rate from a nadir of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010. [301][302] There are 3.22 physicians for every 1000 inhabitants in France,[303] and average health care spending per capita was US$4,719 in 2008. Cette évaluation est actualisée chaque année en fonction de l'évolution des frontières et est publiée par le Bureau des Longitudes. While King Louis XVI still enjoyed popularity among the population, his disastrous flight to Varennes (June 1791) seemed to justify rumors he had tied his hopes of political salvation to the prospects of foreign invasion. With an estimated 2020 population of 67.08 million people,[239] France is the 20th most populous country in the world, the third-most populous in Europe (after Russia and Germany), and the second most populous in the European Union (after Germany). The pronunciation with /ɑː/ is mostly confined to accents with the trap-bath split such as Received Pronunciation, though it can be also heard in some other dialects such as Cardiff English, in which /frɑːns/ is in free variation with /fræns/.[26][27]. The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages, except in northern Gaul where Roman settlements were less dense and where Germanic languages emerged. The Franks treated land purely as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from Clovis's: Paris, Orléans, Soissons, and Rheims. The abolition of slavery and introduction of male universal suffrage, which were briefly enacted during the French Revolution, were re-enacted in 1848. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, science, literature and international affairs, and remained so until the 20th century. À partir de la fin du XVIIe siècle, tous les pays européens essaient de réformer leurs systèmes fiscaux en y introduisant des cadastres pour répondre aux besoins monétaires croissants causés par la guerre et la croissance de l'administration en élargissant le nombre des sujets imposables. To be applicable, every law must be officially published in the Journal officiel de la République française. Le projet de cadastre et de réforme fiscale échoue[11]. Face au développement des outils, les bases de données se multiplient. [88], Since the 1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings, France has been sporadically targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the Charlie Hebdo attack in January 2015 which provoked the largest public rallies in French history, gathering 4.4 million people,[89][90] the November 2015 Paris attacks which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II,[91][92] and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings in 2004[93] and the 2016 Nice truck attack, which caused 87 deaths during Bastille Day celebrations. Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration A factionalist feud in the National Convention, smoldering ever since October 1791, came to a climax with the group of the 'Girondins' on 2 June 1793 being forced to resign and leave the convention. Selon cet ouvrage, l'empire français est alors le troisième empire colonial le plus important en superficie derrière l'empire colonial britannique (22 184 000 km2) et l'empire russe (21 662 000 km2)[30]. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 2 septembre 2020 à 10:34. Italian was the official language of Corsica until 9 May 1859.[278]. [15] France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, and human development. France is a major arms seller,[173][174] with most of its arsenal's designs available for the export market with the notable exception of nuclear-powered devices. Rationalist philosophers such as Victor Cousin and Auguste Comte, who called for a new social doctrine, were opposed by reactionary thinkers such as Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald and Félicité Robert de Lamennais, who blamed the rationalist rejection of traditional order. Gabriel Goodliffe and Riccardo Brizzi, eds. Dans les pays voisins des cadastres régionaux voient le jour. La surface de la France peut être considérée comme étant la somme de deux types de surfaces[25] : Cette superficie ne correspond pas exactement à celle qui résulte de l'addition de celle de toutes les communes d'après le cadastre spécial, telle qu'elle est donnée dans la Situation financière des Communes de France et d'Algérie en 1902. Official Site of the Olympic Movement", "Licenses of the French Football Federation", "World Cup 2018: France beat Croatia 4-2 in World Cup final", 1984: Platini shines for flamboyant France, "Thierry Henry calls end to France career", "Change Seems Essential to Escape Extinction: Wimbledon: World's Most Loved Dinosaur", Official site of the French public service, Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Countries and dependencies of South America, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&oldid=980835382, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, States and territories established in 1792, Articles with dead external links from March 2020, Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl), Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2020, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Articles containing undetermined-language text, Articles needing additional references from October 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Articles with failed verification from February 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, Articles with incomplete citations from January 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, State private property under the direct authority of the, Location of the territory of the French Republic (red). France attempted to regain control of French Indochina but was defeated by the Viet Minh in 1954 at the climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu. France also uses hydroelectric dams to produce electricity, such as the Eguzon dam, Étang de Soulcem and Lac de Vouglans. Today, Paris, along with London, Milan, and New York City, is considered one of the world's fashion capitals, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses.
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