Authoritarianism. The governors were at the height of their power from the middle of the 16th to the mid-17th century. Elle a cependant été utilisée telle quelle dès la… … Encyclopédie Universelle, ancien regime — 1794, from Fr. The term is occasionally used to refer to the similar feudal systems of the time elsewhere in Europe - for example, in Switzerland. However, in 1515, François I signed a new agreement with Pope Leo X, the Concordat of Bologna, which gave the king the right to nominate candidates and the pope the right of investiture; this agreement infuriated gallicans, but gave the king control over important ecclesiastical offices with which to benefit nobles. The French monarchy was irrevocably linked to the Catholic church (the formula says "la France est la fille aînée de l'église", or "France is the eldest daughter of the church"), and French theorists of the divine right of kings and sacerdotal power in the Renaissance had made these links explicit: Henry IV was able to ascend to the throne only after abjuring Protestantism. also had a candidate: Philip, the grandson of powerful King Louis XIV. Louis XIV's decision to cross the Rhine in September 1688 was designed to extend his influence and pressure the Holy Roman Empire into accepting his territorial and dynastic claims, but when Leopold I and the German princes resolved to resist, and when the States General and William III brought the Dutch and the English into the war against France, the French King at last faced a powerful coalition aimed at curtailing his ambitions. Louis XIV created several additional tax systems, including the capitation (begun in 1695) which touched every person including nobles and the clergy (although exemption could be bought for a large one-time sum) and the "dixième" (1710–17, restarted in 1733), enacted to support the military, which was a true tax on income and on property value. Until 1661, the head of the financial system in France was generally the surintendant des finances. Scarcity and insecurity in agrarian life. Peace terms called for the dismantling of the city's fortifications. The city's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the Huguenots. In 1789, the Ancien Régime was violently overthrown by the French Revolution. In 1534, the "forty days rule" was instituted (adapted from church practice), which made the successor's right void if the preceding office holder died within forty days of the transfer and the office returned to the state;however, a new fee, called the "survivance jouissante" protected against the forty days rule. The internal conflicts and dynastic crises of the 16th and 17th centuries (the Wars of Religion, the conflict with the Habsburgs) and the territorial expansion of France in the 17th century demanded great sums which needed to be raised through taxes, such as the taille and the gabelle and by contributions of men and service from the nobility. [25], By the 1780s, Protestants comprised about 700,000 people, or 2% of the population. As the revolution proceeded, power devolved from the monarchy and the privileged-by-birth to more-representative political bodies, like legislative assemblies, but conflicts among the formerly allied republican groups became the source of considerable discord and bloodshed. Their role in provincial unrest during the civil wars led Cardinal Richelieu to create the more tractable positions of intendants of finance, policing and justice, and in the 18th century the role of provincial governors was greatly curtailed. Royal officers chosen from the highest nobility, provincial and city governors (oversight of provinces and cities was frequently combined) were predominantly military positions in charge of defense and policing. Le roi essayait avec beaucoup de difficultés d'unifier les règles. In addition to fiefs that church members possessed as seigneurs, the church also possessed seigneurial lands in its own right and enacted justice upon them. The law courts ("Parlements") were powerful, especially that of France. A szó etimológiája: Két ősi francia szó egybeolvadásából keletkezett: . In 1670, their purview was overseen by the "présidiaux" (see below). * "Conseil privé" or "Conseil des parties"' or "Conseil d'État" ("Privy Council" or "Council of State", concerning the judicial system, officially instituted in 1557) — the largest of the royal councils, composed of the chancellor, the dukes with peerage, the ministers and secretaries of state, the "contrôleur général des finances", the 30 councillors of state, the 80 maître des requêtes and the intendants of finance. L'existence était si bien remplie qui si le dix-septième siècle a été le Grand Siècle des gloires, le dix-huitième a été celui des indigestions." [25], The English welcomed the French refugees, providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation. ISBN 2-221-07426-2* Jouanna, Arlette and Jacqueline Boucher, Dominique Biloghi, Guy Thiec. Crimes of desertion, highway robbery, and mendicants (so-called cas prévôtaux) were under the supervision of the prévôt des maréchaux, who exacted quick and impartial justice. Before the 14th century, oversight of the collection of royal taxes fell generally to the "baillis" and "sénéchaux" in their circumscriptions. This system of government, called the Polysynody, lasted from 1715-1718. Charissa Bremer-David (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2011) Worldcat . * "Conseil des dépêches" ("Council of Messages", concerning notices and administrative reports from the provinces) - composed of the king, the chancellor, the secretaries of state, the "contrôleur général des finances", and other councillors according to the issues discussed. King Charles II reigned 1665 to 1700, but he was in very poor physical and mental health.[6]. The administrative and social structures of the Ancien Régime were the result of centuries of nation-building, legislative acts (like the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts), internal conflicts and civil wars, but they remained a confusing patchwork of local privilege and historic differences until the French Revolution brought about a radical suppression of administrative incoherence. The four members of each board were divided by geographical circumscriptions (although the term généralité isn't found before the end of the 15th century). The church was the primary provider of schools (primary schools and "colleges") and hospitals ("hôtel-Dieu", the Sisters of Charity) and distributor of relief to the poor in pre-revolutionary France. Certain provinces and cities had won special privileges (such as lower rates in the gabelle or salt tax). The taille was only one of a number of taxes. The head of the judicial system in France was the chancellor. 4000 went to the American colonies. Hyman, 1988. "La France moderne: 1498-1789". "Celui qui n'a pas vécu au dix-huitième siècle avant la Révolution ne connaît pas la douceur de vivre et ne peut imaginer ce qu'il peut y avoir de bonheur dans la vie. There also existed the taillon (a tax for military purposes), a national salt tax (the gabelle), national tariffs (the aides) on various products (wine, beer, oil, and other goods), local tariffs on speciality products (the douane) or levied on products entering the city (the octroi) or sold at fairs, and local taxes. The "Etats généraux" (convoked in this period in 1484, 1560–61, 1576–77, 1588–89, 1593, 1614, and 1789) had been reunited in times of fiscal crisis or convoked by parties malcontent with royal prerogatives (the Ligue, the Huguenots), but they had no true power, the dissensions between the three orders rendered them weak and they were dissolved before having completed their work. The main source of royal administrative power in the provinces in the 16th and early 17th centuries fell to the gouverneurs (who represented "the presence of the king in his province"), positions which had long been held by only the highest ranked families in the realm. The most important public source for borrowing was through the system of rentes sur l'Hôtel de Ville of Paris, a kind of government bond system offering investors annual interest. The médecins du roi at the end of the ancien régime and in the French Revolution. Despite, however, the notion of “absolute monarchy” (typified by the king's right to issue lettres de cachet) and the efforts by the kings to create a centralized state, ancien régime France remained a country of systemic irregularities: administrative (including taxation), legal, judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped, while the French nobility struggled to maintain their own rights in the matters of local government and justice, and powerful internal conflicts (like the Fronde) protested against this centralization. The use of offices to seek profit had become standard practice as early as the 12th and 13th centuries. [26], In addition, there were about 40,000 to 50,000 Jews in France, chiefly centered in Bordeaux, Metz and a few other cities. Norman Gash, Reflections on the revolution – French Revolution. Since the 15th century, much of the seigneur's legal purview had been given to the bailliages or sénéchaussées and the présidiaux (see below), leaving only affairs concerning seigneurial dues and duties, and small affairs of local justice. In an attempt to reform the system, new divisions were created. The religious wars ended in 1593, when the Huguenot Henry of Navarre (1553–1610), who was already effectively king of France, became a Catholic and was recognized by both Catholics and Protestants as King Henry IV (reigned 1589–1610). However, with the ailing and childless Charles II of Spain approaching his end, a new conflict over the inheritance of the Spanish Empire would soon embroil Louis XIV and the Grand Alliance in a final war – the War of the Spanish Succession. "Eighteenth-Century England as an Ancien Regime," in Stephen Taylor, ed. The provincial estates proved more effective, and were convoked by the king to respond to fiscal and tax policies. The Wars of Religion saw this control over censorship however pass to the parliament, and in the 17th century to the royal censors, although the church maintained a right to petition. The title "principal ministre de l'état" was however only given six times in this period and Louis XIV himself refused to chose a "prime minister" after the death of Mazarin. Religious practices which veered too close to Protestantism (like Jansenism) or to the mystical (like Quietism) were also severely suppressed, as too libertinage or overt atheism. "Bailliages" and "présidiaux" were also the first court for certain crimes (so-called "cas royaux"; these cases had formerly been under the supervision of the local seigneurs): sacrilege, lèse-majesté, kidnapping, rape, heresy, alteration of money, sedition, insurrections, and the illegal carrying of arms. A growing number of the French citizenry had absorbed the ideas of "equality" and "freedom of the individual" as presented by Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Turgot, and other philosophers and social theorists of the Enlightenment. In Vienna, Austria (formally the Holy Roman Empire) the Habsburg emperors were bickering with the new Bourbon King of Spain, Philip V, over Habsburg control of most of Italy. Escalating the attack, he tried to forcibly re-Catholicize the Huguenots by the employment of armed dragonnades (soldiers) to occupy and loot their houses, and finally by the revocation (Oct. 18, 1685) of the liberal Edict of Nantes of 1598. In the 17th century, oversight of the généralités was subsumed by the intendants of finance, justice and police, and the expression généralité and intendance became roughly synonymous. See Salmon, .73.] As King Charles II had no children, the question of who would succeed to the Spanish throne unleashed a major war. Democratic, Nationalism, Communism, Paternal Authoritarianism and Enlightened Absolutism. [28] The different estates of the realm – the clergy, the nobility, and commoners – occasionally met together in the Estates General, but in practice the Estates General had no power, for it could petition the king but not pass laws itself. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, L'Ancien Régime, 1610-1770, 1991. OK. The church also claimed a prerogative to judge certain crimes, most notably heresy, although the Wars of Religion did much to place this crime in the purview of the royal courts and parliament. Paris: Laffont, 1995. The upper levels of the French church were made up predominantly of old nobility, both from provincial families and from royal court families, and many of the offices had become "de facto" hereditary possessions, with some members possessing multiple offices. 8 juin 2020 - Cette épingle a été découverte par Jean Charles. The prévôts or their equivalent were the first-level judges for non-nobles and ecclesiastics. Louis XIV also accepted William III as the rightful King of England, while the Dutch acquired their barrier fortress system in the Spanish Netherlands to help secure their own borders. In the pays d'état ("provinces with provincial estates"), Brittany, Languedoc, Burgundy, Auvergne, Béarn, Dauphiné, Provence and portions of Gascony, such as Bigorre, Comminges and the Quatre-Vallées, recently acquired provinces which had been able to maintain a certain local autonomy in terms of taxation, the assessment of the tax was established by local councils and the tax was generally "real", meaning that it was attached to non-noble lands (meaning that nobles possessing such lands were required to pay taxes on them). After another year of fruitless campaigning, Charles VI would do the same, abandoning his desire to become the king of Spain. Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord: Mémoires du Prince de Talleyrand: La Confession de Talleyrand, V. 1-5 Chapter: La jeunesse – Le cercle de Madame du Barry. All Categories; Metaphysics and Epistemology Although the Edict of Nantes (1598) permitted the existence of prostestant churches in the realm (characterized as "a state within a state"), the next eighty years saw the rights of the Huguenots slowly stripped away, until Louis XIV finally revoked the edict in 1685, producing a massive emigration of Huguenots to other countries. The south of France was governed by written law adapted from the Roman legal system, the north of France by common law (in 1453 these common laws were codified into a written form). Although in principle they were the king's representatives and their charges could be revoked at the king's will, some governors had installed themselves and their heirs as a provincial dynasty. Before it was made illegal in 1521, it had been possible to leave open-ended the date that the transfer of title was to take effect. * "Conseil de Conscience", Financial Councils:* "Conseil royal des finances" ("Royal Council of Finances") - composed of the king, the "chef du conseil des finances" (an honorary post), the chancellor, the "contrôleur général des finances" and two of his consellors, and the intendants of finance. By 1484, the number of généralités had increased to 6. The national judicial system was made-up of tribunals divided into bailliages (in northern France) and sénéchaussées (in southern France); these tribunals (numbering around 90 in the 16th century, and far more at the end of the 18th) were supervised by a lieutenant général and were subdivided into: In an effort to reduce the case load in the parlements, certain bailliages were given extended powers by Henry II of France: these were called présidiaux. However, the king had only about 10,000 officials in royal service — very few indeed for such a large country, and with very slow internal communications over an inadequate road system. Administrative (including taxation), legal (parlement), judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped (for example, French bishoprics and dioceses rarely coincided with administrative divisions). The first sixteen were created in 1542 by edict of Henry II. The Counter-Reformation saw the French church create numerous religious orders (such as the Jesuits) and make great improvements on the quality of its parish priests; the first decades of the 17th century were characterized by a massive outpouring of devotional texts and religious fervor (exemplified in Saint Francis of Sales, Saint Vincent de Paul, etc.). At first he sent missionaries to convert them, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism. Until the French Revolution, the monastic community constituted a central element of the economic, social, and religious life of many localities under the Old Regime. This made for greater diversity among them than among male monasteries.[24]. In 1577, Henri III established 5 treasurers ("trésoriers généraux") in each généralité who would form a bureau of finances. The use of offices to seek profit had become standard practice as early as the 12th and 13th centuries. However Sir Robert Walpole was the dominant decision-maker, 1722-1740, although the role was not yet called prime minister. Administrative (including taxation), legal (parlement), judicial, and ecclesiastic divisions and prerogatives frequently overlapped (for example, French bishoprics and dioceses rarely coincided with administrative divisions). Pour la paysannerie, alors largement majoritaire, l'Ancien Régime s'identifie au « … - Survival of the Ancien Régime is an overhaul mod for Hearts of Iron IV, putting you in the position of one of the many monarchies (and some democracies/republics) that survived until the 20th century. The "stable" core of French society, town guildspeople and village labourers, included cases of staggering social and geographic continuity, but even this core required regular renewal. Hauser, H. “The Characteristic Features of French Economic History from the Middle of the Sixteenth to the Middle of the Eighteenth Century.”. ^Jean-Marie Miossec, Géohistoire de la régionalisation en France: l'horizon régional, Editeur: PUF, 2009. In addition to their role as appellate courts, regional parlements had gained the privilege to register the edicts of the king and to present the king with official complaints concerning the edicts; in this way, they had acquired a limited role as the representative voice of (predominantly) the magistrate class. Publication date 1900 Topics France. Despite efforts by the kings to create a centralized state out of these provinces, France in this period remained a patchwork of local privileges and historical differences. »; la vérité est que personne en France, hormis le roi, n'a le droit traduire en acte une volonté. In 1484, about 97% of France's 13 million people lived in rural villages; in 1700, at least 80% of the 20 million people population were peasants.
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